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Insights on post-quantum cryptography, security, and product updates. Subscribe via RSS.
Articles written in plain language. No jargon walls. Explanations backed by NIST, FIPS, RFC, and IETF standards, for security professionals and newcomers alike.
Post-Quantum Cryptography Benchmarks 2026: ML-KEM, ML-DSA, SLH-DSA, FN-DSA, HQC and LMS Measured
This is an original benchmark study of every post-quantum cryptography algorithm QNSQY ships, measured on one machine, on one day, with the method published...
How to Check if a Website Is Quantum-Ready (Free PQC Checker, 10 Seconds)
You can test whether any website's TLS connection is protected against future quantum computers in about ten seconds, for free, without signing up for...
Free Post-Quantum Cryptography Certification: Inside the Quantum Sequrity Academy
There is a strange gap in security education right now: post-quantum cryptography is the biggest forced migration in the history of the field, governments have...
TLS 1.3 Hybrid Handshake: How It Actually Works
If you have visited any reasonably modern website in the last two years and looked at the TLS connection details, you may have seen a key exchange algorithm...
FedRAMP Rev 5: Cryptographic Control Updates
The Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP) authorizes cloud service providers to sell to the United States federal government.
NIS2 Directive: Cryptography Provisions Explained
The Network and Information Security Directive 2, formally Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on...
Classic McEliece: The 47-Year-Old PQC Candidate
In 1978, Robert J. McEliece published a paper called "A Public-Key Cryptosystem Based on Algebraic Coding Theory" in the JPL DSN Progress Report.
SIKE: How Castryck-Decru Broke a NIST Round 4 Candidate in an Hour
On July 30, 2022, Wouter Castryck and Thomas Decru of KU Leuven published a paper called "An efficient key recovery attack on SIDH".
SIDH: Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman History
SIDH, Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman, was a post-quantum key exchange protocol proposed in 2011 by Luca De Feo and David Jao.
BB84: The First Quantum Key Distribution Protocol
Long before Shor's algorithm threatened RSA, Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard proposed using the laws of quantum mechanics to solve a much older problem...
E91: Ekert's Entanglement-Based QKD Protocol
In 1991, a young Polish physicist named Artur Ekert published a paper that took quantum key distribution in a strikingly different direction from BB84.
SARG04 and Decoy-State QKD
By the early 2000s, BB84 had been studied and demonstrated in laboratories for nearly two decades, and the first commercial systems were just appearing.
B92: A Two-State QKD Protocol Explained
In 1992, eight years after introducing BB84 with Gilles Brassard, Charles Bennett published a streamlined quantum key distribution protocol that needed only...
IPsec IKEv2 PQC: RFC 9242 and Hybrid Key Exchange
IPsec is the protocol family that builds Virtual Private Networks at the IP layer.
RPKI and PQC: Resource Public Key Infrastructure Migration
RPKI (Resource Public Key Infrastructure) is the cryptographic backbone of modern internet routing security.
QUIC and PQC: How HTTP/3 Got Quantum-Safe
QUIC is the transport protocol underneath HTTP/3. It was designed by Google, hardened through real-world deployment, and standardized at IETF in RFC 9000 in...
PQC in CI/CD Pipelines
CI/CD pipelines are the conveyor belts of modern software development. Every commit goes through a pipeline that compiles, tests, and ships the result.
Is AES-256 Quantum Safe?
AES-256 is quantum safe by every authoritative standard published as of 2026. The Advanced Encryption Standard with a 256-bit key survives Grover's algorithm...
FIPS 205 Walkthrough: SLH-DSA Standard in Plain English
When NIST published FIPS 205 on August 13, 2024, it crowned a curiosity from the late 1970s.
Argon2id vs bcrypt vs scrypt: 2026 Recommendations
When a user creates an account, the server has to store something that proves the user knows their password.
AWS KMS: How Post-Quantum Cryptography Got Wired In
AWS Key Management Service is the encryption-at-rest backbone for the AWS cloud. Every S3 object encrypted with SSE-KMS, every EBS volume with default...
BoringSSL: Google's Post-Quantum Implementation Status
BoringSSL is the TLS library that Google built when it forked OpenSSL in 2014. The project page at github.com/google/boringssl is blunt about its purpose.
AES-XTS: Why Disk Encryption Uses This Specific Mode
If you have BitLocker on a Windows laptop, FileVault on a Mac, or LUKS/dm-crypt on a Linux box, the cipher protecting your hard drive is almost certainly...
Side-Channel Attacks on Post-Quantum Algorithms
A cryptographic algorithm can be mathematically sound and still leak its secrets through the way it is implemented.
Secure Enclaves and PQC: A Map of Current Hardware
A secure enclave is a piece of a chip that runs separately from the rest. It has its own memory, its own access controls, and its own threat model.
PQC and TPM 2.0: Roadmap for Trusted Platform Modules
A trusted platform module is a small computer attached to your computer. It has its own processor, its own memory, and its own non-volatile storage.
Insurance Industry HNDL: 30-Year Claim Tail Risk
The insurance industry has a problem that other sectors do not face at the same scale: claim tails that stretch across decades.
NIST ACVP Validation: 18,703 Vectors, Zero Failures
Our new ACVP harness replays NIST's full ACVP-Server v1.1.0.42 vector tree against the Rust crates QNSQY ships with. 18,703 pass, 0 fail, 11,259 documented skip out of 29,962.
5G Core Network and PQC: SBA, NRF, NEF
5G is not just faster 4G. The radio side gets a lot of attention because that is where the speed numbers come from, but the bigger architectural change is...
Understanding ML-KEM: The Future of Key Encapsulation
ML-KEM (Module-Lattice Key Encapsulation Mechanism) is the new NIST standard for post-quantum key exchange. Learn how it works, why it matters, and how QNSQY implements it with hybrid security.
What is Post-Quantum Cryptography?
A complete guide to PQC: what it is, why you need it, and how NIST standards protect your data from quantum attacks.
How to Protect Your Data from Quantum Computers
Step-by-step guide to quantum-safe encryption. Start protecting your sensitive files today.
AWS KMS and Post-Quantum Cryptography: 2026 Status
What AWS has actually shipped for ML-KEM in TLS and KMS, and the gap you still need to close yourself.
Does ChatGPT Read My Files? AI Uploads and Quantum Risk
What OpenAI sees when you upload a file and why harvest-now-decrypt-later changes the math even for cloud AI services.
Encrypt Before You Upload to Dropbox, Drive, OneDrive
Cloud vendor encryption protects against outsiders. Here is how to protect against the vendor too.
Azure Key Vault and Post-Quantum Cryptography
Microsoft's post-quantum roadmap is clear. Here is what is actually shipped in Key Vault today.
Quantum-Safe Docker and Kubernetes Secrets
A practical guide to protecting container secrets against harvest-now-decrypt-later attacks.
Signal vs WhatsApp vs iMessage: Quantum-Safe Scorecard
Signal shipped post-quantum encryption. WhatsApp and iMessage have not. The 2026 messaging scorecard.
What is Q-Day? When Quantum Breaks Encryption
A plain-English guide to the biggest deadline in cybersecurity and why estimates keep moving closer.
HNDL in Plain English: The Threat Nobody Talks About
Your private data is being stolen right now to decrypt later. A layman guide to the biggest threat most people have never heard of.
Age vs GPG vs QNSQY: Data Encryption Comparison
Which post-quantum cryptography tool should you use? Compare quantum resistance, ease of use, and security features.
QNSQY v7.2: Business Features Launch
Introducing 12 KEM algorithms, 8 hash algorithms, threshold encryption with AEAD choice, and SIEM export. The most secure release yet.
Why Hybrid Encryption Matters
Defense-in-depth: combining ML-KEM with X25519 ensures security even if one algorithm is broken.
Getting Started with QNSQY CLI
A complete guide to encrypting, decrypting, and securely deleting files using the command line interface.
Harvest Now, Decrypt Later: The Quantum Threat Timeline
Nation-states are already collecting encrypted data. When will they be able to decrypt it?
Argon2id: Why Memory-Hard Hashing Matters
How Argon2id protects your passwords against GPU and ASIC-based brute force attacks.
ML-DSA vs SLH-DSA: Choosing Your Signature Algorithm
Lattice-based vs hash-based signatures. Performance, security guarantees, and when to use each.
Batch Encryption for Business Workflows
Automate encryption of multiple files with scripts, CI/CD integration, and batch operations.
Linux GUI Security: Achieving 100/100
How we hardened the Linux Flatpak GUI with Wayland isolation, memfd_secret, and secure attention.
The State of Post-Quantum Cryptography in 2026
NIST standards are final. What comes next for the cryptography ecosystem?
YubiKey Integration: Hardware-Bound Encryption
Bind your encryption keys to physical hardware. Even if your password leaks, files stay safe.
Shamir's Secret Sharing Explained
Mathematical foundations of M-of-N threshold cryptography for key recovery and distributed trust.
Air-Gapped Encryption: Best Practices
How to maximize security with network-isolated encryption workflows.
NIST FIPS 203/204/205: The Complete Guide
Everything you need to know about the new post-quantum cryptography standards.
SIEM Integration: Compliance Made Easy
Export audit logs to Splunk, Elastic, or any SIEM with CEF, JSON, and Syslog support.
Time-Based Security: When Encryption Expires
Understanding the longevity of cryptographic protection and planning for the future.
FN-DSA (Falcon) Explained: Lattice Signatures Done Fast
How FN-DSA uses NTRU lattices to produce compact, fast digital signatures that resist quantum computers.
HQC Explained: Code-Based Encryption for the Quantum Era
NIST selected HQC as a backup to ML-KEM. Learn how error-correcting codes protect key exchange from quantum attacks.
LMS Stateful Signatures: Hash-Based Security You Can Trust
LMS signatures rely only on hash functions. No lattice math, no number theory. Why that matters for long-term security.
AES-256-GCM: The Encryption Standard That Protects Everything
How AES-256-GCM provides authenticated encryption and why 256-bit keys survive Grover's algorithm.
BLAKE3: Why QNSQY Uses the Fastest Cryptographic Hash
BLAKE3 hashes data at 7x the speed of SHA-256. How its Merkle tree design enables streaming and parallel verification.
X25519 and Ed25519: The Classical Crypto in Your Hybrid Shield
Why QNSQY pairs post-quantum algorithms with mature elliptic curve cryptography (X25519 in TLS since 2014, Ed25519 in OpenSSH since 2014) for defense in depth.
Why Quantum Computers Threaten Classical Encryption
Shor's algorithm, Grover's algorithm, and the mathematical reasons RSA and ECC will fall to quantum computers.
Classical vs Quantum-Safe Encryption Compared
Side-by-side comparison of RSA, ECC, and AES against ML-KEM, ML-DSA, and other post-quantum algorithms.
Lattice-Based Cryptography: Foundation of PQC
How the hardness of lattice problems like LWE and Module-LWE underpins ML-KEM, ML-DSA, and modern post-quantum security.
When Will Quantum Computers Break Encryption?
Expert timelines, qubit milestones, and what the research says about when RSA and ECC become vulnerable.
Post-Quantum Encryption for Healthcare and HIPAA
How healthcare organizations can protect patient data with quantum-safe encryption and meet HIPAA requirements.
Post-Quantum Cryptography for Government and Defense
CNSA 2.0 timelines, classified data protection, and why defense agencies are migrating to PQC now.
Post-Quantum Cryptography for Financial Services
PCI DSS, SOX compliance, and how banks and fintechs are preparing for the post-quantum transition.
QNSQY vs VeraCrypt: Quantum-Safe Encryption
Full comparison of encryption algorithms, quantum resistance, use cases, and security models.
How to Implement PQC in Your Organization
A step-by-step roadmap for migrating your organization to post-quantum cryptography, from inventory to deployment.
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Timeline: 2016-2026
The complete history of NIST's PQC standardization process, from the initial call for proposals to final FIPS standards.
BitLocker, FileVault, and VeraCrypt: Are Your Disk Encryption Tools Quantum-Safe?
XTS-AES on disk is Grover-safe. TPM release, iCloud escrow, and cloud backups are where the quantum threat actually lives.
2035 NSA CNSA 2.0 Deadline: What It Means and How to Prepare
NSA CNSA 2.0 mandates quantum-safe NSS by 2035 (new NSS 2027, apps 2030, infrastructure 2035). A practical plan for compliance and why the 2035 deadline is the industry default.
Atom Computing's 1,180 Neutral-Atom Qubits: What Post Quantum Cryptography Readers Should Know
Atom Computing broke the 1,000-qubit barrier in October 2023 with a neutral-atom system (1,180 ytterbium-171 qubits). What neutral atoms bring to Post Quantum Cryptography timelines.
Australia's Quantum Roadmap: PsiQuantum Brisbane and Silicon Quantum Computing's Quantum Resistant Bet
Australia's National Quantum Strategy, the PsiQuantum Brisbane $940M AUD deal, Silicon Quantum Computing (Michelle Simmons), and Post Quantum Cryptography implications.
Canada's National Quantum Strategy: 360M CAD and Michele Mosca's Legacy
Canada's National Quantum Strategy commits $360M CAD over 7 years. IQC Waterloo, Perimeter Institute, and Dr. Michele Mosca made Canada a global PQC authority long before the strategy was announced.
China's Quantum Computing Program: Jiuzhang, Zuchongzhi, and the Post Quantum Cryptography Race
A factual overview of China's quantum computing program: Jiuzhang photonic systems, Zuchongzhi superconducting qubits, the Micius satellite, and what it means for Post Quantum Cryptography migration.
CRQC Explained: When Does a Quantum Computer Actually Break Encryption?
CRQC (Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computer) explained. What the acronym means in NIST and NSA documents, how it differs from quantum supremacy, and when experts expect one to arrive.
Crypto-Agility Explained: The Architecture That Survives Q-Day
Crypto-agility is the architectural discipline of swapping cryptographic primitives without rebuilding systems. NIST CSWP 39 (Dec 2025 draft) formalizes the concept. A practical guide.
D-Wave Annealing vs Gate-Based Quantum Computers: Why 5,000 Qubits Don't Break RSA
D-Wave's Advantage system has over 5,000 qubits but it's a quantum annealer, not a gate-based universal quantum computer. It cannot run Shor's algorithm. Here's why the distinction matters.
ECDH vs ML-KEM: The Quantum Safe Key Exchange Comparison
ECDH (X25519, P-256) vs ML-KEM-768 for key exchange. Classical elegance vs Post Quantum Cryptography security. Why hybrid X25519+ML-KEM is the deployed standard.
ECDSA vs ML-DSA: Quantum Resistant Signature Comparison
ECDSA is broken by Shor. ML-DSA (FIPS 204) is NIST's quantum-resistant replacement. Signature sizes, performance, and migration paths compared.
ETSI Quantum-Safe Cryptography Standards: TS 103 744 and TC CYBER QSC
ETSI's TC CYBER Quantum-Safe Cryptography (QSC) working group. TS 103 744 for hybrid key exchange, separate ETSI ISG QKD for quantum key distribution.
The EU Quantum Flagship Programme: Europe's 1 Billion Euro Quantum Safe Roadmap
The EU Quantum Flagship, EuroQCI, the 2025 Quantum Europe Strategy, and the 2026 Quantum Act. How Europe is building a Post Quantum Cryptography and quantum communication ecosystem.
FedRAMP, SOC 2, and Post Quantum Cryptography: Compliance Implications
How FedRAMP, SOC 2, FIPS 140-3, and ISO 27001 address Post Quantum Cryptography. Current requirements, anticipated changes, and practical compliance steps.
GDPR and Post Quantum Cryptography: How Quantum Safe Encryption Supports Long-Term Compliance
GDPR Article 32 requires appropriate technical measures. Here is how Post Quantum Cryptography aligns with GDPR, especially for long-retention personal data and HNDL risk.
Google Willow: 105 Qubits, Below-Threshold Error Correction, and the Long Road to Quantum Relevance
Google Willow (Dec 9, 2024): 105 qubits with below-threshold quantum error correction. What the surface code milestone means, what it does not mean, and where it fits in Post Quantum Cryptography timelines.
Grover's Algorithm: The Quantum Attack on AES and Why It Isn't as Scary as Shor's
Grover's algorithm explained for non-specialists. Lov Grover's 1996 quadratic quantum speedup, what it does to AES-256, and why symmetric encryption survives the quantum threat.
Your Backup Archives Are HNDL Targets: A Quantum Safe Guide
Backup archives encrypted with RSA or ECDH are Harvest Now Decrypt Later targets. A practical Post Quantum Cryptography re-encryption plan for cold storage and long-term backups.
Why Your Encrypted Email Is Already Exposed to Harvest Now Decrypt Later
Email using S/MIME or PGP is HNDL-vulnerable. Classical RSA and ECDH are in every hop. Post Quantum Cryptography is not yet the default. Here is the practical migration path.
HNDL Threat Modeling for Enterprise Security Teams: Post Quantum Cryptography Roadmap
A practical HNDL threat model for enterprise CISOs: data asset inventory, Mosca's X+Y>Z calculation, risk scoring, and Post Quantum Cryptography migration sequencing.
HNDL and Undersea Cables: How Encrypted Traffic Is Being Harvested Today
Nation-state signals intelligence taps undersea fiber cables and stockpiles encrypted traffic. Harvest Now Decrypt Later uses today's collection for tomorrow's Post Quantum Cryptography decryption.
How to Inventory Your Cryptographic Assets: Post Quantum Cryptography Migration Step 1
A practical guide to cryptographic asset inventory: where to look, what to catalog, and how to rank by Post Quantum Cryptography migration priority.
Hybrid Post Quantum Cryptography Migration: A Step-by-Step Playbook
A practical 10-step playbook for hybrid Post Quantum Cryptography migration. From inventory through production rollout with ML-KEM + X25519 and ML-DSA + Ed25519 hybrids.
IBM Quantum's Roadmap: Condor, Flamingo, and What 1,121 Qubits Actually Means for Post Quantum Cryptography
IBM Quantum roadmap: Condor (1,121 qubits Dec 2023), Flamingo, Kookaburra. What the qubit counts mean (and don't mean) for breaking RSA and your Post Quantum Cryptography timeline.
IETF and Post Quantum Cryptography: Drafts, RFCs, and the Quantum Safe Internet
IETF's Post Quantum Cryptography work: RFC 9941 (SSH hybrid), draft-ietf-tls-ecdhe-mlkem, OpenPGP PQC, IPsec PQC. How the Internet migrates to quantum-safe protocols.
India's National Quantum Mission: 6003 Crore for Quantum Safe Infrastructure by 2031
India's National Quantum Mission, approved April 2023, commits ₹6003.65 crore (~$730M) across 8 years for Post Quantum Cryptography, QKD, and quantum computing. What it means globally.
IonQ: The First Publicly Traded Quantum Company, and Why Its Qubit Count Matters for Quantum Resistant Timelines
IonQ's Forte Enterprise (#AQ36, Sept 2023), SPAC merger 2021, KISTI Korea partnership. What IonQ's trapped-ion scale-up means for Post Quantum Cryptography.
ISO/IEC and Post Quantum Cryptography: Standards in Progress (SC 27 WG 2)
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27 WG 2 is developing international standards for Post Quantum Cryptography. Status of Standing Document 8 and global harmonization with NIST FIPS 203/204/205.
Israel's Quantum Initiative: Quantum Machines, Classiq, and the IQCC
Israel's National Quantum Initiative, the Israeli Quantum Computing Center (IQCC), Quantum Machines, Classiq, and alignment with Post Quantum Cryptography. Small country, outsized quantum output.
Japan's Q-LEAP and Moonshot Program: Quantum Resistant by 2050
Japan's Q-LEAP quantum program, Moonshot R&D Goal 6, RIKEN quantum computing, and alignment with Post Quantum Cryptography. What Japan's long-horizon strategy means globally.
Logical Qubits vs Physical Qubits: Why 1 Million Qubits Isn't What You Think
Physical and logical qubits are not the same. Here is what each means, why the ratio is roughly 1000 to 1 under current surface codes, and what that means for Post Quantum Cryptography timing.
Mosca's Theorem: Worked Examples for Every Industry (Healthcare, Finance, Legal, Defense)
Mosca's X+Y>Z theorem applied industry by industry: healthcare, finance, legal, defense, small business. When each industry should have started migrating to Post Quantum Cryptography.
Open-Source Post Quantum Cryptography Libraries: liboqs, oqs-provider, Botan, BoringSSL
Review of major open-source Post Quantum Cryptography libraries: liboqs, oqs-provider, Botan, BoringSSL, AWS-LC. Feature matrix, maturity, and which to pick for production.
OpenSSH and Post Quantum Cryptography: RFC 9941, ML-KEM Hybrid, and the Quantum Safe SSH Migration
OpenSSH Post Quantum Cryptography: RFC 9941 (sntrup761x25519 SSH hybrid KEX, April 2026), draft-ietf-sshm-mlkem-hybrid-kex. Quantum-safe SSH migration guide.
OpenSSL and Post Quantum Cryptography: What's Shipped and Stable in 2026
OpenSSL 3 supports Post Quantum Cryptography via oqs-provider. Stable status of ML-KEM, ML-DSA, hybrid TLS groups, and what's still draft.
Is PGP/GPG Dead? Post Quantum Cryptography Alternatives Compared
PGP/GPG uses RSA, DSA, ElGamal, ECDH - all broken by Shor. What quantum-safe alternatives exist, and how Post Quantum Cryptography is coming to OpenPGP.
Quantum Resistant Cryptography in Aerospace and Defense Systems
Quantum Resistant Cryptography for aerospace and defense: NSA CNSA 2.0, NIAP protection profiles, and migration timelines for mission systems.
Quantum Safe Cryptography for Connected Cars: UN R155, ISO/SAE 21434, and V2X
Quantum Safe Cryptography for connected and autonomous vehicles. UN R155, ISO/SAE 21434, IEEE 1609.2 V2X, and the coming PQC upgrade.
Will Quantum Computers Break Bitcoin? Blockchain Post Quantum Cryptography Status in 2026
Will quantum computers break Bitcoin and Ethereum? Blockchain Post Quantum Cryptography status: BIP-360, BIP-361, EIP-8141, and migration realities.
Post Quantum Cryptography for Power Grid and Critical Infrastructure (CISA Guidance)
Post Quantum Cryptography for power grid and critical infrastructure. CISA OT guidance, NERC CIP status, and migration strategy for utility operators.
Post Quantum Cryptography for Education: FERPA and Quantum Resistant Student Records
Post Quantum Cryptography for education: FERPA student record protection, quantum resistant archives, and HNDL defense for schools and universities.
Post Quantum Cryptography for Developers: Your First Quantum Resistant Code
Hands-on Post Quantum Cryptography for developers. Install liboqs, generate ML-KEM keys, hybrid encryption patterns. A practical starter guide.
Post Quantum Cryptography for Small Business: Practical Quantum Safe Steps
A 5-step quantum-safe plan for small businesses without dedicated security teams. Use off-the-shelf Post Quantum Cryptography in browsers, messaging, and backups.
Post Quantum Cryptography for Insurance: NAIC Data Security and 30-Year Claim Windows
Insurance data has 30-year claim windows. HNDL plus long retention means insurers must adopt Post Quantum Cryptography now under NAIC Model Law #668.
IoT and Post Quantum Cryptography: Will Your Smart Home Survive Q-Day?
Post Quantum Cryptography for IoT and smart home devices: NIST SP 800-213, Matter, Thread, and what to demand from vendors before Q-Day.
Quantum Safe Cryptography for Journalists: Protecting Sources Forever
Quantum Safe Cryptography for journalists. Signal PQXDH, SecureDrop, and Post Quantum Cryptography techniques for lifetime source protection.
Post Quantum Cryptography for Legal: Protecting Attorney-Client Privilege Against HNDL
Post Quantum Cryptography for law firms: attorney-client privilege, ABA Model Rules 1.1 and 1.6, and harvest-now-decrypt-later defense for legal data.
Budgeting for Post Quantum Cryptography Migration
How to budget a Post Quantum Cryptography migration without falling for vendor marketing. Categories of spend, realistic estimates, and how to fund multi-year PQC projects.
Training Your Team for Post Quantum Cryptography Migration
PQC migration training plan for engineering, security, and operations teams. NIST, OWASP, and vendor-agnostic resources for building a quantum-safe workforce.
Quantum Safe Cryptography for Pharma: Protecting Clinical Trial Data for Decades
FDA 21 CFR Part 11 governs clinical trial data retention. Decades of confidentiality plus HNDL means pharma must migrate to Post Quantum Cryptography now.
Quantum Safe Satellite Communications: Micius, Starlink, and Post Quantum Cryptography
Quantum Safe satellite communications in 2026: Micius QKD, QuSecure over Starlink, Post Quantum Cryptography options for LEO and GEO operators.
Post Quantum Cryptography for 5G and 6G Telecom: What 3GPP, ETSI, and GSMA Are Doing
Inside the 3GPP SA3 quantum-safe work item, ETSI TS 103 744, and ATIS plans for moving 5G and 6G telecom to Post Quantum Cryptography.
PsiQuantum's Path to 1 Million Photonic Qubits: Aspiration vs. Quantum Resistant Reality
PsiQuantum's photonic quantum computing goal of ~1 million qubits, the Brisbane Australia and Chicago US sites, the $1B Series E (Sept 2025). Aspiration vs. peer-reviewed reality for Post Quantum Cryptography planning.
Quantinuum and Trapped-Ion Quantum Computers: 56 Qubits, 12 Logical Qubits, and Post Quantum Cryptography Context
Quantinuum's H2 trapped-ion system (56 qubits, 99.8% 2Q fidelity) and Microsoft-Quantinuum 12 logical qubits (Sept 2024). What trapped ion's high fidelity means for Post Quantum Cryptography timing.
The Quantum Cold War: USA vs China in the Race to Break (and Defend) Encryption
Geopolitics of quantum: US vs China funding, capabilities, and the race to break and defend Post Quantum Cryptography. Why Harvest Now Decrypt Later is the real battlefield.
Quantum Error Correction and Post Quantum Cryptography: The Missing Piece Before Q-Day
Quantum error correction is the unglamorous bottleneck between noisy qubits and a Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computer. Here is what it is, how it works, and why it matters for your PQC migration.
Quantum Supremacy vs Cryptographically Relevant Quantum (CRQC): The Difference That Matters for Quantum Safe Encryption
Quantum supremacy headlines do not mean your data is in danger. Here is the difference between a contrived benchmark and a Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computer (CRQC), explained plainly.
What Is a Qubit? A Security Professional's Guide to Post Quantum Cryptography Threats
Qubits explained for security professionals without the physics prerequisites. Superposition, entanglement, measurement, and what it all means for Post Quantum Cryptography readiness.
Rigetti Ankaa-3: 84-Qubit Superconducting Quantum Computing and Quantum Safe Implications
Rigetti Computing's Ankaa-3 (Dec 2024, 84 qubits, 99.5% median 2Q fSim gate fidelity). Progress, positioning in the quantum hardware race, and implications for Post Quantum Cryptography.
RSA vs ML-KEM: Post Quantum Cryptography Side-by-Side
RSA vs ML-KEM (FIPS 203): side-by-side comparison of classical public-key encryption and Post Quantum Cryptography. Security assumptions, key sizes, performance, and when to deploy hybrid.
Russia's Quantum Program and the Russian Quantum Center: From 20 to 72 Qubits
An overview of Russia's quantum computing program: the Russian Quantum Center, Rosatom's quantum roadmap, and recent ion and neutral atom milestones. Plus what it means for Post Quantum Cryptography.
Shor's Algorithm in Plain English: How Quantum Breaks RSA and Why Post Quantum Cryptography Replaces It
Shor's algorithm explained for non-specialists. How Peter Shor's 1994 quantum algorithm breaks RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and ECC, and why NIST Post Quantum Cryptography (FIPS 203/204/205) replaces them.
South Korea's National Quantum Strategy: 3 Trillion Won for Quantum Resistant Leadership by 2035
South Korea's National Quantum Strategy announced 2023 commits ₩3 trillion (~$2.3B). Targets include 1,000-qubit superconducting quantum computer and national quantum hub by 2035.
Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption: Which One Quantum Breaks and Which Survives
Quantum computers break public-key cryptography catastrophically. Symmetric crypto survives with larger keys. Here is the full breakdown, and why it changes your migration strategy.
TLS 1.2 vs TLS 1.3 vs Post Quantum TLS: The Quantum Safe Migration
TLS 1.2 vs 1.3 vs PQ-TLS. Why TLS 1.3 is the required platform for Post Quantum Cryptography deployment, and what X25519MLKEM768 default in Chrome means.
UK National Quantum Technologies Programme: 2.5 Billion Pound Quantum Resistant Strategy
The UK National Quantum Technologies Programme, the March 2023 National Quantum Strategy, and NCSC's migration timeline. How the UK is positioning for Post Quantum Cryptography leadership.
The US National Quantum Initiative: Investment, Progress, and Post Quantum Cryptography Mandates
The US National Quantum Initiative Act, DARPA QBI, DOE QIS Centers, NSA CNSA 2.0, and what federal investment in Post Quantum Cryptography means for your migration plan.
VPN Providers PQC Scorecard: Who Has Shipped Quantum Safe Key Exchange
Which VPN providers have deployed Post Quantum Cryptography? Mullvad, NordVPN, ExpressVPN, IVPN - the public PQC scorecard as of April 2026.
Why Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cannot Survive Quantum: A Quantum Safe Guide
ECC (including ECDH, ECDSA, Ed25519, and X25519) relies on the discrete logarithm problem. Shor's algorithm breaks it as completely as it breaks RSA. Here is why.
Why RSA-2048 Will Break (and What Quantum Resistant Algorithms Replace It)
RSA-2048 is secure today, but Shor's algorithm guarantees it will be broken by any sufficiently large quantum computer. Here is why, when, and what ML-KEM does in its place.
Y2Q: The Y2K-Style Countdown to Quantum, Explained
Y2Q is the quantum-computing analogue to Y2K. A practical countdown for enterprise IT, comparing Y2K experience to Post Quantum Cryptography migration urgency.
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